12. Заключительные комментарии

В данной статье я попытался обсудить основные особенности подхода к оценке с точки зрения возможностей: его утверждения, применение, логическое обоснование, проблемы. Я также рассмотрел некоторые критические замечания, высказанные в отношении данного подхода.

Существует ряд различных проблем оценки, связанных с несоизмеримыми ценностными целями. Одними из важных разграничений являются разграничение между обеспечением благосостояния и агентскими целями, а также разграничение между достижением и свободой. Четыре категории личностной оценки и межличностного сравнения, вытекающие из этих двух разграничений (а именно, достижение благосостояния, свобода в реализации благосостояния, агентское достижение, свобода в реализации агентских целей), связаны друг с другом, но не идентичны. Подход с точки зрения возможностей можно применять для каждого из этих различных видов оценки, хотя сфера его применимости к каждому из этих видов неодинакова. Он особенно уместен для оценки благосостояния — как в аспекте достижения, так и в аспекте свободы, а также для решения связанной с ним проблемы оценки стандартов уровня жизни.

Что касается социальных суждений, то индивидуальные оценки непосредственно предоставляют данные для социальных оценок. Хотя первоначальная мотивация к применению подхода с точки зрения возможностей была связана с рассмотрением вопроса о видах равенства (Сен, 1980), применение подхода к равенству (если такое применение успешно) не обязательно ограничивать только равенством^[236]. Применимость подхода в эгалитарном математическом анализе зависит от правдоподобия рассмотрения индивидуальных преимуществ в терминах возможностей; приняв такое правдоподобие, можно показать, что один и тот же общий взгляд уместен и для других видов социальных оценок и агрегирования.

Потенциально широкая сфера применения подхода с точки зрения возможностей неудивительна, поскольку подход C точки зрения возможностей показывает убедительность определенного пространства оценки возможностей и успеха индивида. Такое пространство имеет потенциальное значение для любого социального математического анализа, в котором индивидуальные преимущества играют определяющую роль.

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